Development Of Critical Thinking

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In the 1930s, many of the schools that participated in the Eight-Year Study of the Progressive Education Association (Aikin 1942) adopted critical thinking as an educational goal, for whose achievement the study’s Evaluation Staff developed tests (Smith, Tyler, & Evaluation Staff 1942).

Glaser (1941) showed experimentally that it was possible to improve the critical thinking of high school students.

My mind went back to the subway express as quicker than the elevated; furthermore, I remembered that it went nearer than the elevated to the part of 124th Street I wished to reach, so that time would be saved at the end of the journey.

I concluded in favor of the subway, and reached my destination by one o’clock.” (Dewey 1910: 68-69; 1933: 91-92) : “Projecting nearly horizontally from the upper deck of the ferryboat on which I daily cross the river is a long white pole, having a gilded ball at its tip.

“Critical thinkers” have the dispositions and abilities that lead them to think critically when appropriate.

The abilities can be identified directly; the dispositions indirectly, by considering what factors contribute to or impede exercise of the abilities.

Also since 1980, the state university system in California has required all undergraduate students to take a critical thinking course.

Since 1983, the Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking has sponsored sessions in conjunction with the divisional meetings of the American Philosophical Association (APA).

In 1987, the APA’s Committee on Pre-College Philosophy commissioned a consensus statement on critical thinking for purposes of educational assessment and instruction (Facione 1990a).

Researchers have developed standardized tests of critical thinking abilities and dispositions; for details, see the Supplement on Assessment.